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Taking a gender-sensitive approach, this study examines the socio-economic and institutional drivers of household vulnerability to the shocks occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employs country-level panel data for Nigeria. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square, and ordered logistic regression. The study found significant heterogeneity in vulnerability to the COVID-19 shocks between the male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs) (p < 0.1). The econometric results reveal that in the MHHs, the geographical location, livelihood diversification, and ownership of television were the significant drivers of vulnerability to COVID-19–related shocks. In the FHHs, credit constraints, household size, value of the household assets, geographical location, ownership of television and radio, and experiences of previous shocks were found to be significant drivers of vulnerability to COVID-19–related shocks. This study provides insights for designing inclusive social protection interventions and gender-sensitive COVID-19 recovery policies.